Chess is a two-player board game played on a chessboard,
a square checkered board with 64 squares arranged in an eight-by-eight
grid. It is one of the world's most popular games, played by millions of
people worldwide at home, in clubs, online, by correspondence, and in tournaments.
Each player begins the game with sixteen pieces: one king, one queen, two rooks, two knights, two bishops, and eight pawns. Each of the six piece types moves differently. Pieces are used to attack and capture the opponent's pieces, with the object of the game being to 'checkmate'
the opponent's king by placing it under an inescapable threat of
capture. In addition to checkmate, the game can be won by the voluntary resignation of one's opponent, which typically occurs when too much material is lost, or if checkmate appears unavoidable. A game may also result in a draw in several ways, where neither player wins. The course of the game is divided into three phases: opening, middlegame and endgame.
The first official World Chess Champion, Wilhelm Steinitz, claimed his title in 1886; the current World Champion is Viswanathan Anand. In addition to the World Championship, there are the Women's World Championship, the Junior World Championship, the World Senior Championship, the Correspondence Chess World Championship, the World Computer Chess Championship, and Blitz and Rapid World Championships. The Chess Olympiad
is a popular competition among teams from different nations. Online
chess has opened amateur and professional competition to a wide and
varied group of players. Chess is a recognized sport of the International Olympic Committee, and international chess competition is sanctioned by the World Chess Federation. There are also many chess variants, with different rules, different pieces, and different boards.
Since the second half of the 20th century, computers have been programmed to play chess
with increasing success, to the point where home computers can play
chess at a very high level. In the past two decades computer analysis
has contributed significantly to chess theory as understood by human
players, particularly in the endgame. The computer Deep Blue was the first machine player to overcome a reigning World Chess Champion when it defeated Garry Kasparov in 1997.
Rules
Main article: Rules of chess
The official rules of chess are maintained by the World Chess Federation. Along with information on official chess tournaments, the rules are described in the
FIDE Handbook, Laws of Chess section.
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Setup
Pieces at the start of a game
Chess is played on a square board of eight rows (called
ranks and denoted with numbers
1 to
8) and eight columns (called
files and denoted with letters
a to
h)
of squares. The colors of the sixty-four squares alternate and are
referred to as "light squares" and "dark squares". The chessboard is
placed with a light square at the right-hand end of the rank nearest to
each player, and the pieces are set out as shown in the diagram, with
each queen on its own color.
The pieces are divided, by convention, into white and black sets. The players are referred to as "White" and "Black", and each begins the game with sixteen pieces of the specified color. These consist of one king, one queen, two rooks, two bishops, two knights, and eight pawns.
Movement
White always moves first. After the initial move, the players alternately move one piece at a time (with the exception of
castling,
when two pieces are moved). Pieces are moved to either an unoccupied
square or one occupied by an opponent's piece, which is captured and
removed from play. With the sole exception of
en passant,
all pieces capture opponent's pieces by moving to the square that the
opponent's piece occupies. A player may not make any move that would put
or leave his king under attack. If the player to move has no legal
moves, the game is over; it is either a
checkmate—if the king is under attack—or a
stalemate—if the king is not.
Each chess piece
has its own style of moving. In the diagrams, the dots mark the squares
where the piece can move if no other pieces (including one's own piece)
are on the squares between the piece's initial position and its
destination.
- The king moves one square in any direction. The king has also a special move which is called castling and involves also moving a rook.
- The rook
can move any number of squares along any rank or file, but may not leap
over other pieces. Along with the king, the rook is involved during the
king's castling move.
- The bishop can move any number of squares diagonally, but may not leap over other pieces.
- The queen
combines the power of the rook and bishop and can move any number of
squares along rank, file, or diagonal, but it may not leap over other
pieces.
- The knight moves to any of the closest squares that are not
on the same rank, file, or diagonal, thus the move forms an "L"-shape:
two squares vertically and one square horizontally, or two squares
horizontally and one square vertically. The knight is the only piece
that can leap over other pieces.
- The pawn
may move forward to the unoccupied square immediately in front of it on
the same file; or on its first move it may advance two squares along
the same file provided both squares are unoccupied; or it may move to a
square occupied by an opponent's piece which is diagonally in front of
it on an adjacent file, capturing that piece. The pawn has two special
moves: the en passant capture and pawn promotion.
Moves of a pawn
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5 |
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4 |
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a |
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c |
d |
e |
f |
g |
h |
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